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Plagiarism: How to Avoid It
Plagiarism. It's not a very pretty term, is it? Even uglier is to find out that you've been accused of it.
While not illegal, taking someone person's work (and that's what plagiarism is) and passing it off as your own - whether deliberate or accidently - is not only professionally unethical, but also violates academic code. Plagiarism is consequently different then copyright violation. However, while it's not illegal, plagiarism could result in serious penalties and disciplinary action - not to mention the effect it could have on one's reputation.
Of course, it is completely permissible to cite another author's thoughts and words in your own writing as long as you correctly acknowledge that those thoughts or ideas were not your own. The basic line is that you must credit your source if you use another person's words or ideas in your writings. Not doing so is literary theft.
So how do you discern what has to be acknowledged from what doesn't? First, let's deal with the easy element - what does not need to be mentioned in your academic document (essay, research paper, term paper, coursework, etc.): your own views, ideas, and observations, stated in your own terms. (Note, however, that it is possible to self-plagiarize, which means to re-use your previous work without significantly changing the wording or ideas and without properly acknowledging it.) Also, common knowledge - which is standard, common-sense information - generally does not require acknowledgement.
Other than your independent material and common knowledge, any words of ideas that you directly quote, summarize, and/or paraphrase, need to be appropriately attributed to avoid plagiarism.
Using a Direct Quotation
In terms of knowing how it relates to plagiarism, directly quoting a work is the most straightforward. Typically, you would use this strategy when you are leveraging another author's words to demonstrate one of your own arguments.
Besides being sure to reproduce the author's precise words and mechanics as they appear in the original text, you should utilize signal words to suggest that a quote will shortly follow, and then place quotation marks around the author's words:
Although fishing season opens in early April, Holder concedes "till late May the water is quite tough to fish" (291). (291).
Notice in the preceding example, the phrase "Holder acknowledges" serve to convey that a direct quotation will follow. Also note that the quotation marks surround only the words being quoted (and no other words), and that the page number in parentheses follows directly after the quote but comes before the ending punctuation, which is proper MLA format for citing a source within the text when the Author's name is mentioned. (A properly formatted "works referenced" list would then follow the manuscript.)
Summarizing and Paraphrasing
When you take another author's words or ideas, and then condense, minimize, or make more succinct - in other words, summarize - those words or ideas, you must indicate that they are not your own.
Paraphrasing is not the same as summarizing. To paraphrase fundamentally means to restate the words while still preserving the same idea. The ideas and presentation stay pretty much the same, but you put them into your own words. The key to accurately quoting someone else's work is that you grasp and do not alter the meaning.
Both summarizing and paraphrasing require specific management in your paper so that you can avoid plagiarism.
As with direct citations, summarizing and paraphrasing requires that you cite your source and also that you include quotation marks around the author's original words (if you are not using your own words) (if you are not using your own words).
Here is a straight quotation from page 10 of Jack Holder's Secrets of Sierra Fishing:
Early season strikes are frequently on the red and orange colors, but the yellows, chartreuses, and fire tiger designs do best in the summer.
And here is an example of how one may paraphrase it, along with the required in-text citation approach (MLA style):
Holder adds that brighter colors are beneficial for "early season strikes" and that changing colors become necessary as the season changes (10). (10).
In the preceding example free essay templates, note that the phrases "Holder explains" are signal words, and that "early season strikes" are set apart with quote marks, since they represent the original author's precise words. Also note that only the page number (in parenthesis) follows the paraphrased information, as the author's name is already given in the text. Again, a properly written "works referenced" list with the relevant bibliographical information for the paraphrased text would need to accompany this article.
The Internet and Plagiarism
This is another case where the Internet is both a blessing and a burden. While it's a wealth of material, for many students it also makes "borrowing" someone else's words or ideas that much more enticing.
It's not always easy to discover the source information from online resources, not to mention the fact that the information you pull from online to utilize in your work may change or even be erased. Compounding these challenges is the reality that the material you're citing may have itself been "stolen" from someone else, without having properly been acknowledged.
Still, you may (and should) view the Internet as a good source of information, and mentioning Internet resources is not that different than traditional source material. Be sure to record the source's URL and the title of the page you are referencing (typically displayed at the top of your browser window) (usually found at the top of your browser window). Try to locate any publication information, including the author's name and date of publication (which may sometimes be accessible on the site's home page). Be careful to note the date when you accessed the material, too.
Although the following information can help you avoid plagiarism in your papers, also bear in mind that crediting your sources truly begins within the early phases of the writing process. When you are conducting research - whether you are writing notes down longhand, doing copy-and-paste collecting from the Internet, or pulling information from traditional hard-copy sources - you must be certain to carefully transcribe and document all the content - as well as the bibliographic information you'll later need to properly credit your sources. Remember, whether it is planned or inadvertent, plagiarism should be avoided at any cost.
How to Write a Literature Review as your Dissertation Chapter
What is a literature review?
Research doesn't take place in a vacuum - every dissertation, no matter the topic, builds on previously published work. The literature review is the component of your dissertation where you outline the work that's been done in your subject and show how that study has inspired your own work. There should be no original work in the literature review part; it focuses exclusively on already publishes research. Be careful when writing, though, because a literature review isn't just an annotated list. Your literature review needs to dig below the surface to critically investigate the relationship between the resources you cite and their impact on your work.
Doing the research
Obviously the first step in writing a literature review is performing the research. A wide number of sources can be cited in a literature review, with the most typical being peer-reviewed journal articles, book, theses and dissertation, and conference proceedings. Since you're writing a dissertation, it's likely you've already spent a lot of time studying the work in your subject, but it helps to take extra time to make sure your references are complete and current - you don't want to inadvertently leave out any research that's vital to your field. Also make sure to keep thorough notes on bibliographic information so you don't have to go back and search for sources more than once.
Deciding what to include
Obviously, you can't include all the literature regarding your particular issue in a literature review, so you have to pick and choose what you want to preserve and what you can leave out. The literature review shouldn't be a thorough list of all the texts you consulted while writing your dissertation. Instead, it should focus primarily on the research that provides the intellectual underpinning for your work. There are two primary issues you want your literature review to address:
Background material.
Use the literature review to outline the history of your selected topic. What research has been done previously? How does your research topic fit within the landscape of research being done in your field? Presumably your work addresses a gap in the research, therefore indicate where that gap is and why it exists. Remember, not everyone reading your dissertation is going to know the ins and outs of your issue, so offer enough information for a layperson to comprehend why your work is important and how others in the field would interpret it.
Methodology.
Include any research that informed your study's free essay topics methodology. If you're using established techniques for your area, you want to detail how those approaches were developed and came to be standard. If you're veering away from established procedures, you'll need to make sure to incorporate a critical critique of earlier work and highlight the challenges those researchers found.
Getting organized
Once you have a list of the material you wish to include in your review, you need to decide how to organize it. You have a lot of discretion here, but in general there are three primary ways you might organize your work:
Chronologically.
You can structure your work chronologically if you wish to provide perspective on the historical evolution of your issue.
Thematically.
If your dissertation discusses numerous linked themes it can be good to organize the literature study around key theories or ideas.
Methodological.
You can also divide the literature into parts based on research methods. This strategy isn't as frequent and is primarily employed when undertaking a meta-analysis or when your study expressly addresses methodological concerns.
Writing the review
Once you determine how your review will be organized, you can group the literature together into parts. For example, reviews organized thematically will typically have subheadings for distinct concepts, whereas chronological reviews might be categorized by time period or key research advancements.
Within each section, introduce the topic then present your analysis of the relevant literature. This will be the most significant element of your evaluation. You don't want to just list resources; you want to make relationships between them and use them to portray the big picture that surrounds your research. For each resource you include you'll need to address at least one of the following points:
How does it fit inside the bigger pattern?
Your literature review should convey the tale of your particular topic, so consider how each resource fits inside your narrative. Does it introduce an idea or notion you rely on in your work? Does it further the studies being done by others? How did in influence the art that followed after it? All good research is built on the work that came before, so be detailed about the development of your topic.
What are its strengths and weaknesses?
Evaluate each source's merits and weaknesses. You should be able to provide an analysis of each study's methods and results so that you can assign it the proper weight in your literature review. If your study is especially addressing flaws or discrepancies with prior studies, you'll need to be able to explain those issues.
How does it relate to other resources being cited?
Finally, you need to be able to draw linkages between resources. Look for studies that present alternative opinions and discuss the discrepancies. Also look for related studies that can be combined together to indicate a bigger trend. Some people find it helpful to draw webs or maps to help visualize the links between sources.
Reviewing your review
After you're done writing the last step is to review your literature review. Are there any notable gaps in the research? Do you list any sources that aren't incorporated into your broader notions or themes? You'll know your literature study is thorough if it addresses all the following questions:
Selecting a topic for your dissertation as well as creating the proposal are the initial stepping stones to carrying out the all-important dissertation. Many students suffer with not just the idea needing to execute this enormous work, but also from the incapacity to go past the first step-topic selection. This concern is rightly due as unlike a college essay, in which a topic can simply be brought about through easy brainstorming and listing, the dissertation topic is a substantial one and demands a significant amount of thought and effort. The major reason for this is that the quality of your topic, as well as the proposal that contains it, is vital to your career and the fulfillment of your long-awaited academic endeavors.
Your dissertation subject
When attempting to select a dissertation subject various aspects should be considered.One of the most significant of them is to settle on a topic that is not only relevant and viable to your area but also seizes and retains your interest.
Does the issue genuinely interest you?
It goes without saying that dissertation proposal writing and your topic should be something that interest you. But at times students may lose sight of this very early on (especially when frustration sets in and a suitable topic is distant from sight) (especially when frustration sets in and a suitable topic is far from sight). You may find yourself settling on a topic that you are not thrilled with due to the material that is readily available to you or due to outside pressure from other folks. Despite any surrounding concerns that may come up, consider about time investments, and choose something that will sustain and engage you as a writer and a researcher.
Is it a problem worth solving?
A smart question to ask yourself is, Why should I care? As this is also what your readers will be asking as well. The research question you pose or the problem that you would like to answer should be deemed something remarkable and respectable in your field of study. Browsing and scanning previous research and writings in your particular discipline can provide you with a measuring stick of which issues are considered priority or worth acknowledging and which issues have been previously explored or would not be considered top choices by professionals in the field.
Hunt out the theories
Instead of choosing the topic and then the theory that it addresses, a wise strategy to choose a topic would be to reverse this order and explore particular theories in your field to guide you to a viable dissertation topic.
*For example if you are writing a Sociology dissertation, and appreciate the notions included in Marx's conflict theory, after investigating this theory more you can build a broad inquiry that relates to this theory. For instance the association between class and race, or more specifically African-Americans and socioeconomic status, discrepancies and gaps in social justice etc. With this way of subject selection you already have a theory in mind to connect to other theories and have drastically limited down your research aims and objectives.
Attend workshops or lectures
In addition to getting out of the library, and into some fresh air, attending scholarly seminars and lectures in your subject can give you with a large quantity of important information that may be hard to discover otherwise. Along with overviews of significant concepts and ideas educational seminars by current specialists in your discipline may also give you a peek into the current'happenings' and'hot topics' being debated amongst colleagues. This is another wonderful technique to obtain important knowledge and insight into probable dissertation topics and dissertation proposal writing. And the following thought would be to talk with advisers, tutors, and instructors on the best themes to choose for dissertation purposes.
Get to talking
Dissertation proposal help: identifying an engaging topic
The introduction serves two purposes: it gives the reader a basic
overview of what you're aiming to accomplish in your dissertation essay writer helper
Your advisers and teachers are experienced in the topic personal essay writer that you propose to explore and have likewise accomplished similar investigating duty in the past. Though they may not all be so willing to donate their time in some circumstances, you should at least be able to acquire some viable recommendations and guidance to help push through in the process. Additionally, it would also be advisable to share probable ideas that you have been contemplating over with your advisors and ask for a bit of direction with respect to which themes are worthy of consideration and which are not.
Browse other dissertations
This strategy is similar to others in that you are studying the literature on your particular subject of interest. This might help to stimulate thoughts and offer you a rough outline of what themes may work for your own study. A lot of times we may think about books and scholarly articles exclusively when it comes to literature reviews, leaving dissertations out of the loop. But dissertations, at least ones from renowned universities, are intellectual works in their own respects and should be sought out as well for ideas and proposals. You may find in another person's dissertation a gap in findings or an interesting point that was not completely developed- you can capture these opportunities as a basis for your own challenge or topic.
Additional tips and advice
In addition to the approaches outlined above the following are some valuable recommendations to additionally consider while finding an appropriate dissertation topic and creating a dissertation proposal.
When examining the literature for your subject area, take notes to remind yourself of why a specific phrase or quote jumped out to you. Its likely that by the fifth article you've forget the importance of that highlight or asterisk.
Make sure your topic education questions
is realistic and manageable. Some of the best dissertations are brief literary pieces. A big topic is hard to contain and may result in a poorly designed proposal.
Think career. It wouldn't hurt to choose a topic that can also assist you in attaining your ideal job. One approach to achieve this is to select or pinpoint a specific subject that you know would play nicely on your curriculum vitae.
Be diligent in your quest for an appropriate topic. Don't give up easy and settle on a small area of inquiry. This may result in your project being rejected and a lot of time being lost.
Choose anything that you feel is compelling and adds to the field. This was mentioned in part earlier but is basically a reminder to write something that matters and can be of a use to others.
'Hot' and current topics are wonderful to choose because they indicate that you are interested and on top of the field that you are studying in. But also attempt to avoid overly written themes as you may run the risk of boring your review committee or being rigorously compared to other candidates with comparable topics.
Lastly, remember that your dissertation proposal is not your dissertation. This is frequently one of the main problems graduate students fall into while creating a proposal. Your dissertation proposal writing should absolutely match your actual dissertation but should in no way resemble it in length and detail.
Also if you are seeking a grant or money for your research make sure to provide cost specifications in the methodology portion of your proposal. After the hard work of finding an interesting dissertation topic your next challenge will be to convince your reviewers that your topic is worthy of acceptance. This will hopefully not be difficult to accomplish if the above described safeguards are taken when initially selecting a topic for inquiry.
Referencing posts:
https://biiut.com/read-blog/16541
http://www.batiexpo.com/forums/devmembreok.php#adermessage
https://telegra.ph/Writing-a-term-paper-for-the-first-time-a-step-by-step-guide-01-31
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